Readings for History of the Military Art by Usma Salter

Ancient Chinese armed forces treatise by Dominicus Tzu

The Art of War

Author	(trad.) Dominicus Tzu
Land	Mainland china
Language	Classical Chinese
Discipline	Military art
Publication engagement	5th century BC
Text	The Art of State of war at Wikisource

The Art of War
Traditional Chinese	孫子兵法
Simplified Chinese	孙子兵法
Literal meaning	"Master Sun's Military Methods"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ Wade–Giles Sun1-tzŭ3 pingone-fa3 IPA [swə́ntsɹ̩̀ píŋfà] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūnjí bīngfaat Jyutping Syunane-zi2 bing1-faat3 IPA [sýːntsǐː péŋfāːt̚] Southern Min Tâi-lô Sun-tzú ping-huat Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *sˤun tsəʔ praŋ p.kap

The Fine art of State of war (Chinese: 孫子兵法) is an aboriginal Chinese military treatise dating from the Late Spring and Autumn Period (roughly fifth century BC). The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese war machine strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun", too spelled Sunni), is equanimous of 13 chapters. Each i is devoted to a different set of skills (or "art") related to warfare and how information technology applies to armed forces strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the atomic number 82 text in an anthology that was formalized as the Seven Military Classics past Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of State of war remains the most influential strategy text in E Asian warfare^[one] and has influenced both Far Eastern and Western military thinking, business concern tactics, legal strategy, lifestyles and beyond.

The book contains a detailed explanation and analysis of the 5th-century BC Chinese military, from weapons and strategy to rank and subject. Sun as well stressed the importance of intelligence operatives and espionage to the war attempt. Considered i of history's finest military tacticians and analysts, his teachings and strategies formed the footing of advanced military machine preparation for millennia to come.

The volume was translated into French and published in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. A partial translation into English language was attempted by British officeholder Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 nether the title The Book of War. The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910.^[ii] War machine and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong, Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen, Vietnamese general Võ Nguyên Giáp, and American military machine general Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. are all cited equally having drawn inspiration from the book.^{[ commendation needed ]}

History [edit]

Text and commentaries [edit]

The Art of War is traditionally attributed to an aboriginal Chinese military general known as Sun Tzu (now Romanized "Sunzi"), pregnant "Primary Sun". Sun Tzu was traditionally said to have lived in the 6th century BC, only The Art of War 'due south primeval parts probably date to at least 100 years later.^[3]

Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the first of Prc'south 24 dynastic histories, records an early Chinese tradition that a text on military matters was written by one "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) from the State of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied past King Helü of Wu ( r. 514 BC – 495 BC).^[4] This text was traditionally identified with the received Master Sun'due south Art of State of war. The conventional view was that Sun Wu was a military theorist from the end of the Spring and Autumn period (776–471 BC) who fled his home state of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to have impressed the king with his ability to railroad train even "squeamish palace ladies" in warfare and to have made Wu'south armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the land of Chu. This view is withal widely held in Cathay.^[5]

The strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early on 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the Fine art of War.^[four] Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically.^[4] The Art of War appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely.^[4]

[edit]

Beginning around the 12th century, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical archetype The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo Zhuan), which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn menses.^[4] The proper name "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian,^[half-dozen] and has been suspected to be a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the avoiding warrior": the surname "Sunday" is glossed equally the related term "fugitive" ( xùn , 遜 ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" ( wǔ , 武 ), which corresponds to Sunzi's office as the hero'due south doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.^[7] In the early on 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC past Sun Tzu's purported descendant Dominicus Bin, equally a number of historical sources mention a armed forces treatise he wrote.^[four] Unlike Sun Wu, Sun Bin appears to have been an bodily person who was a 18-carat authority on armed services matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical effigy "Sun Tzu" through a form of euhemerism.^[seven]

In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in two Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) tombs almost the city of Linyi in Shandong Province.^[8] Amongst the many bamboo slip writings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed between 134 and 118 BC, respectively were two separate texts, one attributed to "Dominicus Tzu", corresponding to the received text, and another attributed to Sun Bin, which explains and expands upon the before The Art of War past Sunzi.^[9] The Sun Bin text's fabric overlaps with much of the "Dominicus Tzu" text, and the two may be "a unmarried, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Dominicus name".^[x] This discovery showed that much of the historical defoliation was due to the fact that there were two texts that could take been referred to as "Primary Sunday's Art of State of war", not one.^[ix] The content of the before text is well-nigh one-third of the chapters of the modern The Art of State of war, and their text matches very closely.^[8] It is now generally accepted that the before The Art of War was completed onetime between 500 and 430 BC.^[9]

The 13 chapters [edit]

The Fine art of War is divided into thirteen chapters (or piān ); the collection is referred to every bit being one zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "chronicle").

The Fine art of War chapter names and contents

Affiliate	Lionel Giles (1910)[11]	R. L. Wing (1988)	Ralph D. Sawyer (1996)	Grub-Hou Wee (2003)	Michael Nylan (2020)	Contents
I	Laying Plans	The Calculations	Initial Estimations	Item Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計)	First Calculations	Explores the five fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and 7 elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander tin calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that state of war is a very grave matter for the country and must not be commenced without due consideration.
II	Waging War	The Challenge	Waging State of war	Waging War (Chinese: 作戰)	Initiating Battle	Explains how to sympathise the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and disharmonize.
III	Attack past Stratagem	The Plan of Attack	Planning Offensives	Strategic Attack (Chinese: 謀攻)	Planning an Attack	Defines the source of strength equally unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in any state of war. In guild of importance, these critical factors are: Assault, Strategy, Alliances, Ground forces and Cities.
IV	Tactical Dispositions	Positioning	Military Disposition	Disposition of the Army (Chinese: 軍形)	Forms to Perceive	Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. Information technology teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
5	Use of Energy	Directing	Strategic Military Power	Forces (Chinese: 兵勢)	The Disposition of Power	Explains the utilize of creativity and timing in building an ground forces's momentum.
VI	Weak Points and Strong	Illusion and Reality	Vacuity and Substance	Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實)	Weak and Strong	Explains how an army'due south opportunities come from the openings in the surroundings caused by the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given surface area.
Vii	Maneuvering an Army	Engaging The Force	Military Combat	Military Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭)	Contending Armies	Explains the dangers of direct disharmonize and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
8	Variation of Tactics	The Nine Variations	9 Changes	Variations and Adaptability (Chinese: 九變)	9 Contingencies	Focuses on the demand for flexibility in an army'southward responses. Information technology explains how to reply to shifting circumstances successfully.
Ix	The Army on the March	Moving The Force	Maneuvering the Army	Motion and Evolution of Troops (Chinese: 行軍)	Fielding the Army	Describes the different situations in which an ground forces finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to answer to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
X	Classification of Terrain	Situational Positioning	Configurations of Terrain	Terrain (Chinese: 地形)	Conformations of the Lands	Looks at the 3 general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the six types of ground positions that ascend from them. Each of these six field positions offers sure advantages and disadvantages.
11	The 9 Situations	The Nine Situations	Nine Terrains	The Ix Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地)	Ix Kinds of Ground	Describes the ix common situations (or stages) in a entrada, from scattering to mortiferous, and the specific focus that a commander volition need in guild to successfully navigate them.
XII	Set on by Fire	The Fiery Assault	Incendiary Attacks	Attacking with Burn (Chinese: 火攻)	Attacks with Fire	Explains the full general apply of weapons and the specific use of the surround equally a weapon. This section examines the five targets for attack, the v types of ecology attack and the advisable responses to such attacks.
13	Use of Spies	The Use of Intelligence	Employing Spies	Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間)	Using Spies	Focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.

Cultural influence [edit]

Military machine and intelligence applications [edit]

Across East Asia, The Fine art of War was office of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.

During the Sengoku menstruation (c.  1467–1568), the Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to have go nigh invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied The Art of War.^[12] The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous boxing standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the current of air, silent equally a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain.

The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where The Art of State of war is cited as influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War and Strategic Issues of China's Revolutionary State of war, and includes Mao'south quote: "Nosotros must not belittle the saying in the volume of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military machine skillful of ancient Mainland china, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you lot can fight a thousand battles without disaster."^[12]

During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied The Art of State of war and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Art of State of war during the Boxing of Dien Bien Phu catastrophe major French interest in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and Due south. General Võ, later the chief PVA military commander in the Vietnam War, was an gorging student and practitioner of Sunday Tzu's ideas.^[13] America's defeat there, more any other event, brought Dominicus Tzu to the attending of leaders of U.S. military machine theory.^{[13] [14] [15]}

The Section of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, lists The Art of War every bit one example of a book that may be kept at a armed services unit's library.^[xvi]

The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading Listing). Information technology is recommended reading for all United states Military Intelligence personnel.^[17]

The Fine art of War is used as instructional fabric at the Usa Armed services Academy at West Point, in the class Military Strategy (470),^[18] and it is too recommended reading for Officer cadets at the Majestic Military University, Sandhurst. Some notable military leaders have stated the following well-nigh Dominicus Tzu and The Fine art of War:

"I e'er kept a copy of The Art of War on my desk."^[xix] - General Douglas MacArthur, five Star General & Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.

"I have read The Art of War by Sun Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians."^[20] - General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, and Secretary of State.

According to some authors, the strategy of deception from The Art of State of war was studied and widely used by the KGB: "I will forcefulness the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus volition turn his forcefulness into weakness".^[21] The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel Le Montage.

Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Fine art of State of war; Airo kept the volume on his bedside tabular array in his quarters.^{[ citation needed ]}

Application outside the armed services [edit]

The Art of State of war has been applied to many fields outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to outsmart 1'south opponent without actually having to engage in physical boxing. As such, it has plant application as a grooming guide for many competitive endeavors that do non involve bodily combat.

The Fine art of War is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories near fraud (mostly in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu'south The Book of Swindles ( Du pian xin shu , 杜騙新書 , c.  1617), which dates to the late Ming dynasty.^[22]

Many business books have practical the lessons taken from the book to function politics and corporate business strategy.^{[23] [24] [25]} Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their key executives.^[26] The book is also popular amidst Western business organization circles citing its utilitarian values regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to it for inspiration and communication on how to succeed in competitive concern situations. The volume has likewise been applied to the field of educational activity.^[27]

The Art of War has been the subject of legal books^[28] and legal manufactures on the trial procedure, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.^{[29] [30] [31] [32]}

The volume The 48 Laws of Ability by Robert Greene employs philosophies covered in The Art of War.^[33]

The Fine art of War has also been applied in sports. National Football League omnibus Bill Belichick, tape holder of the virtually Super Bowl wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his adoration for The Fine art of State of war.^{[34] [35]} Brazilian association football game coach Luiz Felipe Scolari actively used The Art of War for Brazil's successful 2002 World Cup entrada. During the tournament Scolari put passages of The Art of War underneath his players' doors in the night.^{[36] [37]}

The Art of War is oftentimes quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in esports. "Play To Win" by David Sirlin analyses applications of the ideas from The Art of War in mod esports. The Art of War was released in 2022 equally an e-book companion alongside the Art of State of war DLC for Europa Universalis IV, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword by Thomas Johansson.

Film and television [edit]

The Art of War and Sun Tzu have been referenced and quoted in many movies and television set shows, including In the 1987 movie Wall Street, Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas) frequently references 'it ^[38] The 20th James Bond film, Dice Another Twenty-four hour period (2002) also references The Art of War as the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his father.^[39] and in The Sopranos. In season 3, episode 8 ("He Is Risen"), Dr. Melfi suggests to Tony Soprano that he read the volume.^[forty] and the Star Trek: The Next Generation get-go-flavour episode "The Final Outpost", William Riker quotes The Art of War to Captain Picard, who expressed pleasance that Sun Tzu was still taught at Starfleet Academy. Afterwards in the episode, a survivor from a long-expressionless nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people's wisdom and The Fine art of War with regard to knowing when and when not to fight.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Fine art of War is a 2000 activeness spy film directed by Christian Duguay and starring Wesley Snipes, Michael Biehn, Anne Archer and Donald Sutherland.^[41]

Notable translations [edit]

• Lord's day Tzu on the Art of War. Translated by Lionel Giles. London: Luzac and Company. 1910.
• The Art of War. Translated by Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1963. ISBN978-0-19-501476-ane. Part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.
• Sunday Tzu, The Art of State of war. Translated by Thomas Cleary. Boston: Shambhala Dragon Editions. 1988. ISBN978-0877734529.
• The Art of Warfare. Translated by Roger Ames. Random House. 1993. ISBN978-0-345-36239-1. .
• The Art of War. Translated by John Minford. New York: Viking. 2002. ISBN978-0-670-03156-half dozen.
• The Art of War: Sunzi'south Armed services Methods. Translated past Victor H. Mair. New York: Columbia University Press. 2007. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
• The Fine art of War. Translated by Peter Harris. Everyman's Library. 2018. ISBN978-1101908006.
• The Science of War: Sun Tzu'south Art of War re-translated and re-considered. Translated by Christopher MacDonald. Hong Kong: Earnshaw Books. 2018. ISBN978-988-8422-69-2.
• The Art of War. Translated past Michael Nylan. Westward.W. Norton & Visitor, Inc. 2020. ISBN9781324004899.

See besides [edit]

Concepts [edit]

• Armed forces treatise
• Philosophy of war

Books [edit]

• Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War) by Julius Caesar
• The Art of War by Niccolò Machiavelli
• Arthashastra
• The Volume of V Rings (Miyamoto Musashi)
• 7 Military Classics
• Dream Puddle Essays by Shen Kuo
• Huolongjing past Liu Bowen
• Hagakure by Yamamoto Tsunetomo
• Epitoma rei militaris by Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
• Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara
• On Protracted War by Mao Zedong
• On State of war by Carl von Clausewitz
• Records of the Grand Historian
• The 33 Strategies of War
• Thirty-Half-dozen Stratagems
• The Utility of Force by General Sir Rupert Smith
• Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T. East. Lawrence
• Bansenshukai
• Infanterie Greift An by Erwin Rommel
• History of the Peloponnesian War past Thucydides
• The Scientific discipline of Military Strategy
• The Influence of Body of water Power upon History by Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Smith (1999), p. 216.
2. ^ Giles, Lionel The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
3. ^ Lewis (1999), p. 604.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 447.
5. ^ Mair (2007), pp. 12–xiii.
6. ^ Mair (2007), p. 9.
7. ^ ^{a b} Mair (2007), p. x.
8. ^ ^{a b} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 448.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 449.
10. ^ Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. 18.
11. ^ Sunzi (2009). Shawn Conners (ed.). Sun-tzu ping fa [The fine art of war]. Translated by Lionel Giles (Archetype ed.). El Paso, TX: El Paso Norte Press. ISBN978-1-934255-15-5. OCLC 433665014.
12. ^ ^{a b} Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford University Printing. pp. 17, 141–43.
13. ^ ^{a b} McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sunday Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003."Learning from Sun Tzu". Archived from the original on 2011-x-xi. Retrieved 2009-12-19 .
14. ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with Sonshi
15. ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). The Illustrated Art of War: Sun Tzu. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00B91XX8U
16. ^ Army, U. South. (1985). Military History and Professional Development. U. S. Regular army Command and Full general Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Gainsay Studies Found. 85-CSI-21 85.
17. ^ "Letters".
18. ^ "Department of Armed services Instruction Chore Opportunities | United states of america Military Academy West Bespeak". westpoint.edu . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
19. ^ U.s. Military Posture for FY1989 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989), 5–6, 93–94.
20. ^ "Chinese Military Strategist Sunday Tzu Reveals Secrets to Success | Leaderonomics".
21. ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a Country: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – By, Present, and Hereafter. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-v, chapter Who was backside perestroika?
22. ^ "Search Results | volume of swindles | Columbia University Printing". Columbia University Press.
23. ^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Dominicus Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; fifty Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
24. ^ McNeilly, Marker. "Sun Tzu and the Fine art of Business : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford Academy Press, 1996.
25. ^ Krause, Donald Grand. "The Art of State of war for Executives: Aboriginal Knowledge for Today's Business Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
26. ^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Fine art of Negotiation." South Communist china Morning Mail (April 21, 2006) p. 15
27. ^ Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Teacher Diary Study to Apply Aboriginal Art of State of war Strategies to Professional Development". The International Journal of Learning. 7 (3): 21–36.
28. ^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
29. ^ Balch, Christopher D., "The Art of War and the Art of Trial Advocacy: Is There Mutual Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861–73
30. ^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Fine art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation
31. ^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sunday Tzu'south The Fine art of War to Trial Advancement" April 21, 2007
32. ^ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Art of War: Pursuing Electronic Evidence every bit Your Corporate Opportunity"
33. ^ "The 48 Laws of Power past Robert Greene". Penguin Random Firm Canada . Retrieved 2020-x-27 .
34. ^ Lauletta, Tyler. "Bill Belichick explains how advice from Sun Tzu's 'The Fine art of State of war' helped build the Patriots dynasty". Business Insider . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
35. ^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games down to the fine fine art of war". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-02-04. Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
36. ^ July 2011, Celso de Campos Jr 01 (July 2011). "Luiz Felipe Scolari: 1-on-One". fourfourtwo.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
37. ^ Winter, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Mind games reach new loftier as Scolari studies art of state of war". Irish Contained.
38. ^ "Bud Play a joke on: Sun-tzu: If your enemy is superior, evade him. If aroused, irritate him. If equally matched, fight, and if non split and reevaluate". www.quotes.cyberspace . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
39. ^ Dice Another Solar day (2002) - IMDb , retrieved 2020-06-05
40. ^ Earth, Boston. "Hey, if Tony'south reading it, information technology'southward got to be expert". baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
41. ^ "The Fine art of War (2000) - IMDb". IMDb.

Sources [edit]

• Gawlikowski, Krzysztof; Loewe, Michael (1993). "Sun tzu ping fa 孫子兵法". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Club for the Study of Early China; Institute of Due east Asian Studies, Academy of California, Berkeley. pp. 446–55. ISBN978-one-55729-043-iv.
• Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0415239554.
• Griffith, Samuel (2005). Sun Tzu: The Illustrated Art of State of war. New York: Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0195189995.
• Lewis, Marker Edward (1999). "Warring States Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–650. ISBN978-0-521-47030-8.
• Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Art of State of war: Sunday Zi'south Military Methods. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-13382-one.
• Smith, Kidder (1999). "The Military Texts: The Sunzi". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore (ed.). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Volume ane (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 213–24. ISBN978-0-231-10938-iii.
• Yuen, Derek M. C. (2014). Deciphering Sun Tzu: How to Read 'The Art of War' . Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0199373512.
• Вєдєнєєв, Д. В.; Гавриленко, О. А.; Кубіцький, С. О. (2017). Остроухова, В. В. (ed.). Еволюція воєнного мистецтва: у two ч.

External links [edit]

• The Fine art of War at Standard Ebooks
• The Fine art of War Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Projection
• The Art of State of war at Project Gutenberg translated by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Fine art of State of war at Project Gutenberg translated (with Chinese text) by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Volume of War at Project Gutenberg translated by E.F. Calthrop (1908)
• The Art of War public domain audiobook at LibriVox (English and Chinese original available)
• Sunday Tzu's Art of War at Sonshi (annal.today) Alternative link
• Sun Tzu and Data Warfare at the Establish for National Strategic Studies of National Defense Academy
• xi The Nine Situations | The Art of War by Sun Tzu (Animated)
• The Fine art of War illustrated version, on Theoriq.com

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War

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